EXP.OPEN manual page
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Name

exp.open - OPEN/CAESAR connection for EXP networks of communicating automata

Synopsis

exp.open [-branching | -deadpreserving | -strong | -weaktrace] [-case] [-debug] [-lotos | -elotos | -ccs | -csp | -mcrl] [-hidden string] [-termination string] [-coaction string] [-depend] [-history] [-info] [-inline] [-interface interface_directives] [-interfaceuser] [-labels] [-network format] [-nocheck] [-prob] [-rate] [-silent | -verbose] [-unparse] [-version] filename[.exp] [cc_options] prog[.a|.c|.o] [prog_options]

Description

Taking as input filename.exp, which describes a network of communicating automata in the EXP 2.0, see exp , and an OPEN/CAESAR program prog[.a|.c|.o], exp.open generates an OPEN/CAESAR graph module filename.c. This file is then compiled into filename.o and an executable program prog resulting from the combination of filename.o and prog[.a|.c|.o] is produced. Finally, prog is executed.

According to the principles of the OPEN/CAESAR architecture, prog is obtained by combining three different modules:

Processing of the Exploration Module

The exploration module prog[.a|.c|.o] is supposed to contain an OPEN/CAESAR application program, such as evaluator , generator , ocis ...

The exploration module can be supplied in three different forms. It can be either an archive file (with .a suffix), or a source C program (with .c suffix) or an object code file (with .o suffix).

If prog.a is not present in the current directory, exp.open attempts to fetch it in the OPEN/CAESAR binary library $CADP/bin.`arch`.

If prog.c is not present in the current directory, exp.open attempts to fetch it in the OPEN/CAESAR source library $CADP/src/open_caesar.

If prog.o is not present in the current directory, exp.open attempts to fetch it in the OPEN/CAESAR binary library $CADP/bin.`arch`.

If no suffix (.a, .c, .o) is specified on the command line for the exploration module prog, exp.open will make successive attempts to fetch this exploration module: first, as a source C program with .c suffix; then as an archive file with .a suffix; finally as an object code file with .o suffix.

Options

-branching
Perform on-the-fly partial order reduction modulo branching bisimulation. This yields a generally smaller graph, which is equivalent modulo branching bisimulation to the graph obtained using the -strong option. The used technique is based on prioritization of so-called tau-confluent transitions [Pace-Lang-Mateescu-03]. This is not a default option.

If the -branching option is used in combination with -rate, then also attempt on-the-fly partial order reduction modulo stochastic branching bisimulation (which is weaker than branching bisimulation), by giving priority to hidden actions over stochastic transitions (see the -rate option below), thus taking an account of the maximal progress of hidden actions.

-case
Force the distinction between lowercase and uppercase characters in labels occurring within the operators used in filename.exp. This is the default option if no reference language is selected or if the reference language is E-LOTOS or mCRL. In other cases, labels occurring within the operators used in filename.exp are automatically turned to uppercase. Therefore, labels in LTSs should also be uppercase, except possibly the strings representing the hidden label, termination label, co-action prefix, and the "prob" and "rate" keywords used to denote probabilistic and stochastic transitions (see the -prob and -rate options below).

-ccs    
Set CCS as the reference language. This is not a default option. See Section LANGUAGE PARAMETERS of exp for details.

-coaction string
Set string so as to prefix CCS co-action labels; string is named co-action prefix. See Section CCS PARALLEL COMPOSITION of exp for more information about the co-action prefix.

-csp    
Set CSP as the reference language. This is not a default option. See Section LANGUAGE PARAMETERS of exp for details.

-deadpreserving
Perform on-the-fly partial order reduction preserving deadlocks. This yields a generally smaller graph, which contains the same deadlocks as the graph obtained using the -strong option. This is not a default option.

-debug
Undocumented option.

-depend
Display the list of EXP files included (directly or transitively) in filename.exp, followed by the list of communicating automata, hide, rename, and cut files used in the EXP behaviour and stop. This list may be incomplete if the EXP behaviour is syntactically incorrect. Not a default option.

-elotos
Set E-LOTOS as the reference language. This is not a default option. See Section LANGUAGE PARAMETERS of exp for details.

-hidden string
Set string as denoting the hidden label in BCG files of both the communicating automata and of the automaton corresponding to their composition. The default value depends on the reference language, see Section LANGUAGE PARAMETERS of exp for details.

Note that many CADP tools (such as for instance bcg_min , aldebaran , etc.) require the hidden label to be written "i". If it is written differently, e.g., "tau", then one may use the "-hidden i" option and hide "tau" in each communicating automaton, by using the hiding operator of EXP 2.0.

Note also that the hidden label is usually written "tau" in the FC2 format. During conversion from FC2 communicating automata into BCG, "tau" labels are automatically renamed into "i" by the bcg_io tool. Therefore, since bcg_io is systematically called to translate FC2 components into the BCG format, the hidden label should be set to "i", using "-hidden i", even though some component is in the FC2 format, with "tau" denoting the hidden label.

-history
Record a history of each label. The history can be read using the CAESAR_INFORMATION_LABEL function of the OPEN/CAESAR API. With the -history option, it is possible to set FORMAT_LABEL (see the OPEN/CAESAR manual) to a natural number up to 3 (instead of 2 otherwise):

o The behaviour of CAESAR_INFORMATION_LABEL with FORMAT_LABEL set to 0 or 1 is described in the OPEN/CAESAR documentation.

o If FORMAT_LABEL is equal to 2, then information about the synchronisations involved in the computation of each label is displayed under the form of a synchronisation vector.

o If FORMAT_LABEL is equal to 3, then the displayed synchronisation vector is extended with information about hidings and renamings performed to produce the label.

This is not a default option.

-info
Print structural information about the LTSs referenced in filename.exp and stop. See bcg_info for more information.

-inline
Generate an OPEN/CAESAR graph module that does not depend on BCG files. This option cannot be combined with -branching, -deadpreserving, -weaktrace, and/or the priority operator. Debugging option, not available in official releases of CADP.

-interface interface_directives
This option allows to generate a refined interface as explained in the article [Lang-06].

This option assumes that the composition of LTSs stored in filename.exp corresponds to a system of concurrent processes S as follows: The concurrent architecture of filename.exp is the same as the concurrent architecture of S, and each LTS in filename.exp represents either the state space (named concrete LTS in the sequel) or simply the set of labels (named abstract LTS in the sequel) of the corresponding process in S; States and transitions of abstract LTSs are irrelevant.

Consider processes P0, P1, ..., Pm of S, such that, in filename.exp, the LTS corresponding to P0 is abstract and the LTSs corresponding to P1, ..., Pm are concrete. The -interface option allows to synthesize an interface representing the synchronization constraints imposed on P0 by P1, ..., Pm. This interface has the form of an OPEN/CAESAR graph module stored in a file named filename.c and a list of synchronisation labels stored in a file named filename.sync. The graph module can be translated into an explicit LTS using the generator tool. The resulting LTS can then be given, together with filename.sync, to the projector tool so as to restrict the behaviour of P0.

The interface_directives argument has the form "nat:nat_list", where nat is a natural number and nat_list is a list of natural numbers separated by blank characters. Each of these natural numbers is an index corresponding to the rank of occurrence of an LTS in filename.exp (once eventual .exp file names have been substituted by the expression stored in the corresponding .exp files). Index 1 represents the leftmost LTS. The left-hand side of ":" is the index of the LTS corresponding to P0. The right-hand side of ":" is the list of indices of the LTSs corresponding to P1, ..., Pm. interface_directives must be parsed as a single argument on the command line and thus must be enclosed in quotes.

-interfaceuser
Indicate that some of the automata in filename.exp have been obtained by semi-composition with "user-given" restriction interfaces, and compute the associated validation predicates. Note that this option does not make sense outside a compositional verification process using restriction interfaces. See projector and svl for more information about using restriction interfaces. This is not a default option.

-labels
Display the number of labels followed by the list of labels potentially occurring in the state space of the input network of communicating automata and stop. If the -interfaceuser option is set, do not print the labels representing validation predicates (see -interfaceuser option).

-lotos
Set LOTOS as the reference language. This is not a default option. See Section LANGUAGE PARAMETERS of exp for details.

-mcrl
Set mCRL as the reference language. This is not a default option. See Section LANGUAGE PARAMETERS of exp for details.

-network format
Generate a network equivalent to filename.exp in one of "nupn", "pep", "tina", "fc2", or "txt" format and stop:

If format is "nupn", exp.open generates a file named filename.nupn, containing a Petri net in the NUPN (Nested Unit Petri Net) file format [Garavel-15-a] (see caesar.bdd for a description of the NUPN format);

If format is "pep", exp.open generates a file named filename.ll_net, containing a Petri net in the low-level PEP file format [Best-Grahlmann-98];

If format is "tina", exp.open generates a file named filename.tpn, containing a Petri net in the ``tpn'' format of the TINA toolbox [Berthomieu-Ribet-Vernadat-04];

If format is "fc2", exp.open generates a file named filename.fc2, containing a network of automata in the FC2 format [Bouali-Ressouche-Roy-deSimone-96].

If format is "txt", exp.open generates a file named filename.txt, containing a description of the network of automata in an undocumented textual format. This description includes the list of files containing the communicating automata, the list of labels potentially occurring in the product and, for each label, the list of synchronization vectors.

The bcg_io and fc2link tools are called internally to make the conversion from EXP to FC2. Note however that fc2link is not provided within CADP but belongs to the Fc2Tools distribution, which can be downloaded at http://www-sop.inria.fr/meije/verification.

Moreover, when converting EXP to FC2, the hidden event must be written "i" (see -hidden option above and Section LANGUAGE PARAMETERS of exp for details) because this is required by bcg_io and fc2link.

This option does not require an exploration module. This is not a default option.

This option is not available if filename.exp contains a priority operator.

-nocheck
Parsing of EXP behaviours is generally followed by a static semantics verification phase to verify that behaviours are well-formed. Option -nocheck skips this verification phase. This option should be used with caution since the semantics of ill-formed behaviours is undefined. This is not a default option.

-prob
Consider the LTSs composed in filename.exp as "probabilistic LTSs" (see the bcg_min manual page for details about probabilistic LTSs). Labels of the form "prob %p" or "label; prob %p", where %p denotes a floating-point number in the range ]0..1] and label denotes a character string that does not contain the ";" character, are interpreted as "special" transitions, named "probabilistic". With this option, probabilistic transitions can always execute asynchronously. If a parallel composition attempts to synchronize probabilistic transitions explicitly, then exp.open issues a warning message.

-rate
Consider the LTSs composed in filename.exp as "stochastic LTSs" (see the bcg_min manual page for details about stochastic LTSs). Labels of the form "rate %f" or "label; rate %f", where %f denotes a stricly positive floating-point number and label denotes a character string that does not contain the ";" character, are interpreted as "special" transitions, named "stochastic". With this option, stochastic transitions can always execute asynchronously. If a parallel composition attempts to synchronize stochastic transitions explicitly, then exp.open issues a warning message.

-ratebranching
This option is obsolete and should be replaced by the combination of options -rate -branching.

-silent
Execute silently. Opposite of -verbose. Default option is -verbose.

-strong
Do not perform partial order reduction of the graph. This is a default option.

-termination string
Set string as denoting the gate used to express behaviour termination. The default value depends on the reference language, see Section LANGUAGE PARAMETERS of exp for details.

-unparse
Use the "-bcg -unparse" options of bcg_io while converting LTSs in AUT, FC2, or SEQ formats into BCG. See the bcg_io manual page for details about these options.

-verbose
Report activities and progress, including errors, to the user's screen. Opposite of -silent. Default option is -verbose.

-version
Display the version number and stop.

-weaktrace
Perform on-the-fly partial order reduction modulo weak trace equivalence. This yields a generally smaller graph, which is equivalent modulo weak trace equivalence to the graph obtained using the -strong option. This is not a default option.

cc_options
if any, are passed to the C compiler.

prog_options
if any, are passed to prog.

Exit Status

Exit status is 0 if everything is all right, > 0 otherwise.

Bibliography

[Berthomieu-Ribet-Vernadat-04]
Bernard Berthomieu, Pierre-Olivier Ribet, and Francois Vernadat. The tool TINA - Construction of Abstract State Spaces for Petri Nets and Time Petri Nets. In International Journal of Production Research, Vol. 42, No 14, July 2004.

[Best-Grahlmann-98]
Eike Best and Bernd Grahlmann. "PEP Documentation and User Guide." http://parsys.informatik.uni-oldenburg.de/~pep/paper.html. 1998."

[Bouali-Ressouche-Roy-deSimone-96]
Amar Bouali, Annie Ressouche, Valerie Roy, and Robert de Simone. The Fc2Tools set: a Toolset for the Verification of Concurrent Systems. In R. Alur and T.A. Henzinger, editors, Proceedings of the 8th Conference on Computer-Aided Verification (New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA). Lecture Notes in Computer Science volume 1102, Springer-Verlag, 1996.

[Brookes-Hoare-Roscoe-84]
Stephen D. Brookes, Tony Hoare, and Andrew W. Roscoe. "A Theory of Communicating Sequential Processes." In Journal of the ACM, vol. 31, number 3, pages 560-599. ACM, 1984.

[Garavel-15-a]
Hubert Garavel. "Nested-Unit Petri Nets: A Structural Means to Increase Efficiency and Scalability of Verification on Elementary Nets." In R. Devillers and A. Valmari, editors, Proceedings of the 36th International Conference on Application and Theory of Petri Nets and Concurrency (Brussels, Belgium). Lecture Notes in Computer Science volume 9115, Springer-Verlag, 2015. Available from http://cadp.inria.fr/publications/Garavel-15-a.html

[Garavel-Sighireanu-99]
Hubert Garavel and Mihaela Sighireanu. "A Graphical Parallel Composition Operator for Process Algebras." In J. Wu, Q. Gao, and S.T. Chanson, editors, Proceedings of the Joint International Conference on Formal Description Techniques for Distributed Systems and Communication Protocols, and Protocol Specification, Testing, and Verification FORTE/PSTV'99 (Beijing, China). Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1999. Available from http://cadp.inria.fr/publications/Garavel-Sighireanu-99.html

[Groote-Ponse-90]
Jan Friso Groote and Alban Ponse. "The syntax and semantics of mCRL." In A. Ponse, C. Verhoef and S.F.M. van Vlijmen, editors, Algebra of Communicating Processes '94, Workshops in Computing Series, Springer-Verlag, pp. 26-62, 1995. Also appeared as: Technical Report CS-R9076, CWI, Amsterdam, 1990.

[ISO-89]
ISO/IEC. "LOTOS --- A Formal Description Technique Based on the Temporal    Ordering of Observational Behaviour." International Organization for Standardization --- Information Processing Systems --- Open Systems Interconnection. International Standard number 8807. Geneva, September 1989.

[ISO-01]
ISO/IEC. "Enhancements to LOTOS (E-LOTOS)." International Organization for Standardization --- Information Technology. International Standard number 15437:2001. Geneva, September 2001.

[Lang-05]
Frederic Lang. "EXP.OPEN 2.0: A Flexible Tool Integrating Partial Order, Compositional, and On-the-fly Verification Methods." In J. van de Pol, J. Romijn and G. Smith, editors, Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Integrated Formal Methods IFM'2005 (Eindhoven, The Netherlands). Lecture Notes in Computer Science volume 3771, Springer-Verlag, 2005. Available from http://cadp.inria.fr/publications/Lang-05.html

[Lang-06]
Frederic Lang. "Refined Interfaces for Compositional Verification." In E. Najm, J.-F. Pradat-Peyre and V. Viguie Donzeau-Gouge, editors, Proceedings of the 26th IFIP WG 6.1 International Conference on Formal Techniques for Networked and Distributed Systems FORTE'2006 (Paris, France). Lecture Notes in Computer Science volume 4229, Springer-Verlag, 2006. Available from http://cadp.inria.fr/publications/Lang-06.html

[Milner-89]
Robin Milner. "Communication and Concurrency." Prentice-Hall, 1989.

[Pace-Lang-Mateescu-03]
Gordon Pace, Frederic Lang, and Radu Mateescu. "Calculating tau-confluence compositionally." In W.A. Hunt Jr. and F. Somenzi, editors, 15th Computer-Aided Verification conference (CAV 2003), Lecture Notes in Computer Science volume 2725, Springer-Verlag, 2003. Available from http://cadp.inria.fr/publications/Pace-Lang-Mateescu-03.html

Authors

Versions 1.*: Marius Bozga, Jean-Claude Fernandez, and Laurent Mounier.

Versions 2.*: Frederic Lang and Hubert Garavel.

Operands

filename.exp
network of communicating automata (input)

filename.c
graph module for filename.exp (output)

filename.fc2
FC2 network (output, with -network fc2 option)

filename.ll_net
low level PEP Petri net (output, with -network pep option)

filename.nupn
NUPN Petri net (output, with -network nupn option)

filename.tpn
TINA Petri net (output, with -network tina option)

prog.a      
exploration module (archive, input)

prog.c      
exploration module (source, input)

prog.o      
exploration module (object code, input)

prog      
executable program (output)

Files

$CADP/com/exp.open
``exp.open'' shell script

$CADP/bin.`arch`/libexp_open.a
``exp.open'' static library

$CADP/bin.`arch`/exp2c
``exp.open'' graph module generator

$CADP/incl/caesar_*.h
OPEN/CAESAR interfaces

$CADP/bin.`arch`/libcaesar.a
OPEN/CAESAR library

$CADP/src/open_caesar/*.c
exploration modules (source)

$CADP/bin.`arch`/*.a
exploration modules (archive)

$CADP/bin.`arch`/*.o
exploration modules (object code)

See Also

aldebaran , aut , bcg , bcg_io , caesar_hide_1 , caesar_rename_1 , exp , lotos.open , projector , regexp , seq , svl

Additional information is available from the CADP Web page located at http://cadp.inria.fr

Directives for installation are given in files $CADP/INSTALLATION_*.

Recent changes and improvements to this software are reported and commented in file $CADP/HISTORY.

Bugs

Please report bugs to [email protected]

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